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although records cannot verify games earlier than 776b.c. ， The contests in homer's Iliad indicate a much earlier competitive tradition.held in honor of Zeus in the city of Olympia for four days every for Ummer, the Olympic games were the oldest and most prestigious of four great ancient Greek athletic festivals, Which also included the pyt hian games at Delphi, the isth mian at corin th, And the ne mean at Argos (the panathenaea at Athens was also important). the Olympics reached their height in the 5th–4th cent.b. Thereafter they became more and more professionalized until, in the Roman period, They provoked much censure.they were eventually discontinued by emperor theodosius I of Rome, who condemned them as a pagan spectacle, At the end of the 4th cent.a.d.
among the Greeks, the games were nationalistic in spirit; States were said to have been prouder of Olympic victories than of battles won.women, foreigners, slaves, And dishonored persons were forbidden to compete.contestants were required to train faithfully for 1 months before the games, Had to remain 3 days under the eyes of officials in elis, who had charge of the games, And had to take an oath that they had fulfilled the training requirements before participating.at first, the Olympic games were confined to But over time new events were added: the long run (72b.c.), when the loin cloth was abandoned and athletes began competing nake The pentathlon, which combined running, the long jump, wrestling, and discus and spear throwing (78b.c.); Boxing (688b.c.); Chariot racing (68b.c.); The pank ration (648b.c.), involving boxing and wrestling contests for boys (632b.c.); And the foot race with armor (58b.c.) ...
Greek women, forbidden not only to participate in but also to watch the olympp Held games of their own, Called the her aea.those were also held every four years but had fewer events than the olympics.known to have been conducted as early as the 6te . b.c., The her AEA games were discontinued about the time the Romans conquered greece.winning was of prime importance in both male and female festivals Winners of the Olympics (and of the her AEA) were crowned with chap lets of wild olive, And in their home city-States male champions were also awarded numerous honors, valuable gifts, And privileges ..
the modern Olympics
the modern revival of the Olympic games is due in a large measure to the efforts of piers Baron de coubert in, of france.they were held, appropriately enough, in Athens in 1896, But that meeting and the ones that followed at Paris (19) 및 at St.Louis (194) Were hampered by poor organization and the absence of world wide representation.the first successful meet was held at London in 198; Since then the games have been held in cities throughout the world (see sites of the modern Olympic games, Table). world war I prevented the Olympic meeting of 1916, and world war ii the 194 and 1944 meetings.the number of entrants, comment And events have increased steadily.
to the traditional events of track and field athletics, which include the decathlon and heptics Have been added a host of games and sports-archery, badminton, baseball and softball, basketball, boxing, canoeing and Equestrian contests, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, judo and taek won do, the modern pentathlon, rowing, sails Table tennis, team (field) handball, tennis, trampoline, the triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weight And wrestling.olympic events for women made their first appearance in 1912.a separate series of winter Olympic meets, Inaugurated (1924) at Chamonix, France, now includes ice hockey, curling, bobsled ding, luge, skeleton; And skatingevents.since 1994 the winter games have been held in even-numbered years in which the summer games are not contested.until th cent.the modern Olympics were open only to amateurs, But the governing bodies of several sports now permit professionals to compete as well.
as a visible focus of world energies, The Olympics have been prey to many factors that thwarted their ideals of world cooperation and athletic excellence.as in ancient Greece, Nationalistic fervor has fostered intense rivalries that at times threatened the survival of the games.although officially only individuals Ic medals, Nations routinely assign political significance to the feats of their citizens and teams.between 1952 and 1988 rivalry between the United stats The Soviet union, rooted in mutual political antagonism, resulted in each boycotting games hosted by the other (Moscow, 198; Los Angeles, 1984). politics has influenced the Olympic games in other ways, From the propaganda of the Nazis in Berlin (1936) to pressures leading to the exclusion of white-ruled Rhodes ia from the Munich games